General Studies - Primary and Secondary Socialisation

Primary Socialisation

Primary socialisation occurs between the individual and those people in their life with whom they have primary relationships. A primary relationship can be categorised as one in which the individual has close, personal, face-to-face contact. The first primary relationship that the vast majority of us form is with our parents or guardians with whom our first primary socialisation will occur. As we develop and age we form primary relationships with close friends, and other adults through work, marriage etc.

We call the people responsible for socialisation, agents of socialisation and by extension we can talk about agencies of socialisation such as the family, the education system, the workplace and so on. In this way the first agency responsible for primary socialisation is the family and the agents of socialisation are a child’s parents. Through primary socialisation a child learns things such as talking and walking as well as values such as the difference between right and wrong and how to act appropriately with others such as adults and authority figures.

Secondary Socialisation

Secondary socialisation occurs between the individual and those people in their lives with whom they have secondary relationships. A secondary relationship being one in which the individual does not have close, personal, or face-to-face contact with. Through secondary socialisation we learn about the nature of the social world beyond our primary relationships.

The agencies of secondary socialisation are things such as the education system, religion and the mass media. Agents of secondary socialisation therefore are found in the form of teachers, priests and television personalities. Talcott Parsons claimed that one of the main purposes of secondary socialisation is to:

“Liberate the individual from a dependence upon the primary attachments and relationships formed within the family group.”

Effectively Parsons states that in modern societies the vast majority of our social contact will be with strangers and relating to them in the same way as we do those who are familiar or close to us would be inappropriate. Secondary socialisation allows us to learn how to deal with people in terms of what they can do for us, or what we can do for them.

In Short

Primary socialisation is what we get taught our attitudes/values/morals etc by our immediate family and friends.

Secondary socialisation is the behavioural patterns reinforced by socialising agents of society (school/religion/media, etc.)

Pin Hole Camera Analysis

PIN HOLE CAMERA ANALYSIS
& THE FOR ELEMENTS OF EXPOSURE

For this assignment we has to create photographic images produced by a homemade pin hole camera with no control of the elements of sensitivity, light areas, aperture was fixed at the time of filming. With the only control was time.

Business homework

Legal structure



Unincorporated business - legal identity that the business and the owner is the same, that there is no distinction in law between the individual owner and the business itself. Such business tend to be sole traders or partnerships



Incorporated business - legal identity that the business and the owner are separated and treated individual. These organisations can own assets, own money and enter into contracts in their own right. Such business like Private Limited Company and Public Limited Company.



Sole Trader - a business owned by one person, can still employ staffs.

Advantage - Can make own decision, can be the boss

Disadvantage - Unlimited liability, harder to raise finance



Partnerships - a form of business which two or more people operate for common goal of making a profit. Usually unlimited liability. However Limited Liability Partner ship (LLP) in response to concern about the unlimited liability of partners who are actively involved in business to limit their liability for debts.

Advantage - Greater potential to raise finance (partner each provide the investment), business benefits from the expertise and efforts of more than one owner

Disadvantage - Poor decision by one partner damages the interest of the other partners. Partners are bound to honour decision of others



Limited Company - Limited companies differ form sole traders and partnership in that they are separated legal entities to the founder. A legal entity can own thing itself (assets), can sue and be sue. Companies aer owned by their shareholders and run by directors. The share holders appoint the directors (who in mot cases are one and the same people) who must then run the company in the interest of the shareholder.
Advantage - limited liability, stable form of structure
Disadvantage - greater admin costs, directors' legal duties

Private Limited Company - Mean that the shares of the company are not traded publicly on stock exchange

Advantage - Can sell shares to people they can trust and people they want, affairs can be keep reasonably private.

Disadvantage - Can not trade shares of stock market, not as easy to raise finance compare to public.


Public Limited Company -tends to have a larger value of share capital invested and its shares may be traded publicly (stock exchange).

Advantage - no limited shareholders, easy to raise finance

Disadvantage - anyone can but shares even people from the rival company, public disclosure of company information


Unlimited Liability mean the owners of business are liable for all debts of the business. Therefore the banks may take away all personal assets to sell them to repay the debts. If the debts of the business is greater than the personal assets of the owners, they may be force into bankruptcy.
Unlimited Liability is a characteristic of business that are unincorporated.

Limited Liability mean the liability of the owners of business is limited to the fully paid-up value of the share capital. The shareholders' personal assets will not be effected. Limiting the amount of shareholders' liability is an important factor in encouraging people to invest. Limited Liability is a feature of Incorporated business.